• 10.12.2021

     gruetzner

    Title of Dissertation: What if…? Counterfactual reasoning in ethical decision-making in business contexts

    Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Philipp Schreck
    University: MLU Halle-Wittenberg
    Scholarship: HaVo-Stipendium
    Cohort: 8th Cohort, since 2021
    Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

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    [item title="Short Abstract"]

    Counterfactual explanations have become a popular way of producing more transparent, and thus, more ethical artificially intelligent decision makers. But how are counterfactual explanations of AI impacting human behaviour - and do they lead to better outcomes than alternative ways of dealing with AI?

    What if…? That’s a question often asked when contemplating prior events and decisions. But is the consideration of possible outcomes integral to the way we make ethical decisions? The core of my project aims to identify how counterfactual thinking influences ethical decision making within a business context, drawing from insights from cognitive neuroscience, behavioural economics, psychology, philosophy and decision theory more broadly construed. A counterfactual is any statement that is counter to the facts, meaning any statement that is not true in the given states of affairs. Counterfactual thinking is reasoning that reflects upon that which is not the case - it is used when evaluating how the past could have turned out, and how the future may develop by mentally creating possible alternative scenarios to reality.

    I have been especially interested in the way counterfactual explanations are being used to explain and/or interpret the outcomes of decisions made by artificially intelligent agents (AI). In a fastly developing world where more and more decisions are being made through the support of or solely by AI, many argue that transparency is being required to ensure that all AI-made decisions are fair and ethical. One popular attempt at becoming more transparent is for the AI to generate a list of counterfactual statements in addition to the decision made; For example, an AI used in a hiring process might not only provide the decision that a candidate should be rejected, but also provide some insights on how the application would need to differ to have been considered for a position. So, a candidate might be informed that the system would have recommended them for the position, if they had five more years of experience or if they were fluent in another language or if they had participated in relevant training.

    These kinds of explanations are said to have two main benefits; A human decision-maker would be able to overrule an AI made decision on the basis of disagreeing with the counterfactual provided (e.g., in the example above, by deciding that speaking another language was not essential to the given job), and a person affected by such a decision is also immediately being given ground to contest the AI made decision (e.g., in the example above, by providing proof that they had participated in relevant training after all).

    My work aims to investigate the way counterfactuals influence both the cognitive decision making processes within a business context. With more and more organisations adopting counterfactual explainability models for their artificial intelligence systems, understanding the way counterfactuals shape decision making is integral to ensuring that AI is being used responsibly.

    I aim to apply experimental methods as used in behavioural economics and psychology to identify how counterfactual thought impacts decision making, and which kinds of counterfactuals lead to ethical behaviour. Additionally, I will combine these empirical results with more traditional philosophical methods to further the conceptual understanding of counterfactual explainability in the realm of AI decisions.

    [/item]

    [item title="Research Interests"]

    • Decision Making
    • Imagination
    • Counterfactual Reasoning
    • Heuristics and Biases

    [/item]

    [item title="Education"]

    • 2021, MSc Applied Social Psychology, Higher School of Economics Moscow, Russia
    • 2021, MSc Economic Psychology, University of Tilburg, Netherlands
    • 2020, Study Abroad, Ca’ Foscari, Venice, Italy
    • 2019, BA (Hons) Psychology & Philosophy, University of Stirling, Scotland
    • 2018, Study Abroad, City University Hong Kong, Hong Kong

    [/item]

    [item title="Professional and Academic Career"]

    Company Internships i.a.

    • 2021, UX & Design Research/Data Intern, Bang & Olufsen, Struer, Denmark
    • 2019, Human Rights Research Intern, Clifford Chance, London, England
    • 2018, Human Resources Intern, UPM, Krakow, Poland

    [/item]

    [item title="Publications"]

    • Stuart, Michael T., McLoone, Brian and Grützner, Cassandra. Counterpossible Reasoning in Biology. (Under Review.)

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Talks"]

    • 2022. “tba” German-Baltic Conference on Sustainability & Digital Systems, Riga, Latvia, October 27-30. (Invited as a Youth Ambassador to discuss problems (and solutions) for AI and policy)

    • 2022. “Behavioural Data Governance - the feasibility of data leak prevention through nudging” The Philosophy of Data Science: Data Science Governance, Centre for Human & Machine Intelligence (HMI), Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, Frankfurt, Germany, June 10-11, with R. Ruehle, M. Appels and M. Goldmann

    • 2021. ”A taxonomy of LPs” filozofikon, Uniwersytet Śląski, online, December 4-5

    • 2021, Modal Modelling in Science: Modal Epistemology Meets Philosophy of Science, “Counterpossible Reasoning in Biology: An Empirical Study.” with B. McLoone and M.T. Stuart, KTH Stockholm, Sweden.

    [/item]

    [item title="Summer/Winter Schools (with Research/Paper presentation)"]

    • 2022. “Counterfactuals and Risk Assessment” Society for Imprecise Probabilities: Theories and Applications (SIPTA) Summer School, Bristol, UK, August 15 – 19
    • 2022. “Counterfactuals and Risk Assessment” International Rationality Summer Institute (IRSI), University of Heidelberg, Landau, Germany, July 24 – August 5
    • 2022. “Game Theory, Prisoners’ Dilemma and Climate Change” Seasonal School on the Ethics of ClimateChange, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy, February 21-25

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Posters"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Awards/Scholarships"]

    • Merit Award of the Fondazione Il Talento all’Opera Onlus for my contributions to the Ethics of Climate Change Seasonal School (450€)
    • Studienstiftung des Deutschen Volkes – Masters Scholarship
    • Higher School of Economics Merit Scholarship – Tuition Waiver and Accom-modation Coverage
    • Antony Duff Research Prize – University of Stirling, Law and Philosophy De-partment, awarded for research excellence as demonstrated by my BA dissertation
    • Undergraduate of the Year 2019 Awards – Honourable Mention by Target Jobs & Clifford Chance

    [/item]

    [item title="Memberships"]

    • N/A

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  • 10.12.2021

     ilozumba

    Title of Dissertation: Reframing Data Privacy in Business Using the Do No Harm Principle as an Ethical Focal Point

    Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Andreas Suchanek
    University: HHL – Handelshochschule Leipzig
    Scholarship: Karl Schlecht Stiftung
    Cohort: 8th Cohort, since 2021
    Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

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    [item title="Short Abstract"]

    Problem:

    The study aims to redefine the narrative associated with the current privacy concepts in the business context and provide an ethical foundation of legitimacy for businesses to handle user data responsibly, thereby reducing or managing illegitimate harms. Point Merely adhering to privacy laws and regulations is insufficient for averting privacy breaches within firms. A fundamental ethical focal point, universally applicable, is indispensable. Such a framework would function as a medium for shared understanding between businesses and their clientele, fostering collaboration and ensuring proactive prevention of privacy violations. This fundamental ethical focal point is the do-no-harm principle.

    Main point:

    What can we legitimately expect from each privacy actor, be it a data controller or a data subject?

    Research Questions:

    1. Can privacy be conceptualized?

    2. How is data privacy conceptualized in the GDPR law?

    3. Under what conditions can privacy harms be qualified as legitimate or illegitimate?

    4. What can we legitimately expect from companies as private data controllers?

    [/item]

    [item title="Research Interests"]

    • Business Ethics
    • Legitimacy and Corporate Governance
    • Ethics of AI in Business
    • Philosophical Ethics
    • Philosophy of Technology
    • Feminist philosophy

    [/item]

    [item title="Education"]

    • 2016-2018: Master of Philosophy in Philosophical Ethics and Anthropology, Italy
    • 2013-2016: Bachelor of Philosophy, Italy
    • 2005-2010: Bachelor of Science in Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Nigeria

    [/item]

    [item title="Professional and Academic Career"]

    • 2021-2022: Assistant Professor Business and Professional Ethics (Contract) Dublin City University Business School
    • 2018-2021: Full-Time Faculty of Philosophical Ethics and Anthropology, Pan-Atlantic University – Lagos Business School, Lagos, Nigeria
    • 2016-2017: Program Coordinator for JUMP Leadership Program, International Cultural Centre Rocca Romana, Rome, Italy
    • 2012: Procurement Officer, Juhel Nigeria Limited, Enugu, Nigeria

    [/item]

    [item title="Publications"]

    • Daza, Marco Tulio, and Ilozumba Usochi Joanann. 2022. ‘A Survey of AI Ethics in Business Literature: Maps and Trends between 2000 and 2021’. Frontiers in Psychology 13 (December): 1042661. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1042661.
    • Ilozumba, Usochi Joanann. “Common Good Principle.” In Encyclopedia of Business and Professional Ethics, ed. Deborah C. Poff and Alex C. Micha-los, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23514-1_522-1
    • Ilozumba, Usochi. “The Home as the Primary Source of Intellectual Develo-pment: From a Phenomenological and Anthropological Perspective.” In Pe-ople, Care and Work in the Home, ed. M Gamal Abdelmonem and Antonio Argandoña, 110-124. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2020.

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Talks"]

    • 2020: New Waves in Feminism, “Feminism, A Relic of History or A Need? Unmasking a New Standpoint to Difference Feminism’s View on Women”, Nigeria

    [/item]

    [item title="Memberships"]

    • Society for Business Ethics

    [/item]

     

     

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Posters"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Memberships"]

    • Member of Research Group, Virtue Ethics in Business (VEiB), Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.

    [/item]
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  • 10.12.2021

     klingbeil

    Title of Dissertation: Experimental Analysis of Various Trust Repair Methods and Their Dependance on Influence Factors in Human-Machine Interactions

    Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Philipp Schreck
    University: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
    Scholarship: Scholarship by the sdw (Foundation of German Business)
    Cohort: 8th Cohort, since 2021
    Email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

    [accordion activeIndex=""]

    [item title="Short Abstract"]

    Autonomous systems are entering human lives in form of various applications, such as self-driving cars, autonomous drones, personal home assistants, social robots for teaching and autonomous medical systems. Many of these new functions involve complex social interactions with humans, transforming the role of machines from being viewed as tools to being perceived as partners. As collaboration between humans and autonomous systems is increasingly characterized by social behavior, trust as one of the major components of human interaction is gaining attention in human-autonomy research. In this context, one common phenomenon in human relationships is trust betrayal, which occurs when one person violates the trust of another person. As faultless performance of autonomous systems is highly unlikely, errors by machines will occur and their negative impact on human trust should be examined. Consequently, appropriate measures to restrengthen the human-autonomy trust relationship should be considered and designed. Nevertheless, studies on the concept of trust repair, which is defined as actions aimed at restoring violated trust, are only emerging in the field of human-machine interaction. Previous trust repair research has mostly focused on human-human interactions. The applicability of its findings to interactions with technology must be confirmed experimentally, as several studies have identified differences between human-autonomy and human-human relationships concerning trust development and impact of trustworthiness. First results from human-autonomy trust repair have been published in recent years, indicating great potential for further scientific efforts. The current research proposal aims to contribute to this field, by examining the effectiveness of various trust repair methods of autonomous agents and their dependence from several influential factors, such as anthropomorphism of the agent and technological experience of the human participant. The chosen method is an approach combining experiments with surveys, thereby enabling the analysis of both, behavioral and attitudinal data.

    [/item]

    [item title="Research Interests"]

    • Business Ethics
    • Trust and Trust Repair
    • Experimental and Behavioural Studies
    • Human-Machine Interaction
    • Artificial Intelligence

    [/item]

    [item title="Education"]

    • 2018, Master of Science, Industrial Engineering and Management, Technical University Berlin, Germany
    • 2014, Bachelor of Science, Industrial Engineering and Management, Technical University Berlin, Germany

    [/item]

    [item title="Professional and Academic Career"]

    • 2019-2021, management consultant, Boston Consulting Group GmbH, Berlin, Germany
    • 2014-2018, various internships in automotive, auditing and consulting, Berlin and Munich, Germany

    [/item]

    [item title="Publications"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Talks"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Posters"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Memberships"]

    • N/A

    [/item]
    [/accordion]

  • 10.12.2021

     klingbeil

    Title of Dissertation: Consumer Decisions and the Trade-off between Economic and Moral Objectives. An Investigation of Responsible Consumer Behavior Using the Ordonomic Approach

    Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ingo Pies
    University: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
    Scholarship:
    Cohort: 9th Cohort, since 2022
    Email:

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    [item title="Short Abstract"]

    In recent years, the role of the consumer in the transformation towards a more sustainable society has increasingly become the focus of scientific research. While there is a general consent that consumers contribute to the social and environmental externalities of the market economy through their usage and disposal behavior, there are differing concepts about which norms consumers should (and can) follow. Some normative approaches develop clear principles for consumer behaviour, others focus on general criteria for „wise consumption choices”, embedded in a broader concept of a “good lifestyle”.

    The work provides a systematic overview of the main theories of consumer ethics. The aim is to critically evaluate the various normative concepts and to assess the extent to which they take into account the underlying dilemma structures and Homann's condition of reasonability.

    The conceptual framework provided by the ordonomic approach (Pies 2017) is applied to discuss potential win-win solutions that have higher chances of success in fostering consumption patterns which are in line with sustainability and climate protection goals, without necessarily imposing normative unanimity, thus accommodating the demands of liberal societies.

    [/item]

    [item title="Research Interests"]

    • Behavioural Economics
    • Consumer Ethics
    • Collective Action
    • Order Ethics

    [/item]

    [item title="Education"]

    • Since 2022 International Doctoral Program “Ethics and Responsible Leadership in Business”, Wittenberg-Center for Global Ethics, Wittenberg, Germany
    • 2021, Master of Science, Economics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
    • 2020, Master of Arts, Angewandte Ethik und Konfliktmanagement, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Germany
    • 2019, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Semester Abroad, The Netherlands
    • 2017, Bachelor, Volkswirtschaftslehre, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany

    [/item]

    [item title="Professional and Academic Career"]

    • 2022, research associate, Chair of Economic and Business Ethics HHL Leipzig, Germany
    • 2022, project staff “Nudging Corporate Compliance and Integrity – Based on the Ethical Compass“, project of the WCGE in cooperation with the HHL, Wittenberg, Germany

    [/item]

    [item title="Publications"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Talks"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Posters"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Memberships"]

    • N/A

    [/item]
    [/accordion]

  • 10.12.2021

     klingbeil

    Title of Dissertation: An infinite understanding of the game as prerequisite to self-limitation in apparel consumption

    Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Andreas Suchanek
    University: HHL Graduate School of Management
    Scholarship: Karl Schlecht Stiftung
    Cohort: 9th Cohort, since 2022
    Email:

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    [item title="Short Abstract"]

    This PhD project intends to scientifically contribute to the overarching question on how to foster sustainability by incentivizing self-limitation. The project understands self-limitation as investment in the sense of restraining from action (To not do something). Restraint though may lead to opportunity costs of e.g., not foregoing a venture. The return, on the other hand, – sustainability – not just only pays off in the long term; it is also a common good, incentivizing other actors to free rider behavior. (Suchanek 2022)

    Within this context, the project intends to shift its focus of analysis on self-limitation in consumption. Against the background of the severe negative ecological and social effects of (over-)consumption, self-limitation is being understood as normative moral claim. The evaluation of this claim shall be conducted in the light of the prevailing empirical conditions though, that substantially influence consumer behavior. Thereby, the project draws upon the manifold insights on the Value-Action-Gap in consumption and the role that temporal asymmetry and geographic distance play in its nurturing. This evaluation helps to draw conclusions on the practicability of the above-mentioned moral claim and circumvent potentially misguiding moralism.

    Following the theoretical conception of Ethical Focal Points (Suchanek, Entschew 2018), the project further bases its analysis on the role of individuals’ understanding of value for the acceptance and thus the pursuit of self-limitation. This points to the fact that actions are substantially influenced by values – and implicitly by the individual’s understanding about them.

    To strengthen this understanding, the project elaborates on the relevance of consumer education. It shows how the Value-Action-Gap can be reduced by consumer education, making use of implications by the Goal Framing (Lindenberg, Steg 2007) as well as Value-Belief-Norm (i.a. Stern 2000) theories. From this, the project derives and elaborates upon the role of corporates as educating entities due to their function as immediate consumer touchpoint.

    Given that the effectiveness of education highly depends on trust in the educating entity, the project intends to schematically conceptualize the relationship between self-limitation, education and trust. This conceptualization is presumed to foster the understanding for the role that trust plays in supporting self-limitation and sets the foundation for this project’s core analysis on how a corporate paradigm change from a finite towards an infinite understanding of the game works trust-enhancing. Thereby, the project intends to draw upon the philosophical insights on finite and infinite game theory by Carse (1986).

    To embed this project’s conceptual elaborations within a practical context, this dissertation will draw upon the example of apparel consumption. The apparel industry is viewed as fitting example, as business models vastly rely on over-consumption with devastating effects on the global ecology as well as society. Consumers heavily underlie the Value-Action-Gap when it comes to textile purchases. Despite ample knowledge on these effects, apparel consumption continues to display massive growth figures. At the same time, infinite minded business models in the sector prove successful in generating moderate, sustainable growth while stimulating mindful consumption among its customers.

    Based on this summarizing introduction, this PhD-project aspires to provide a comprehensive set of answers to the following research question: How can an infinite understanding of the game contribute to trustworthy consumer education that incentivizes self-limitation in apparel consumption?

    [/item]

    [item title="Research Interests"]

    • Self-limitation & Sustainability
    • Infinite vs. finite game theory
    • Consumer behaviour

    [/item]

    [item title="Education"]

    • 2016, MSc International Management, CEMS
    • 2016, MSc Finance, NOVA School of Business and Economics
    • 2014, BSc Business Administration and Economics, Universität Passau

    [/item]

    [item title="Professional and Academic Career"]

    • 2017-2022, Manager Management Consulting, EY-Parthenon, Munich, Germany

    [/item]

    [item title="Publications"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Talks"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Posters"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Memberships"]

    • N/A

    [/item]
    [/accordion]

  • 10.12.2021

     klingbeil

    Title of Dissertation: Just and trustworthy leadership? When algorithmic leaders enter ethically sensitive domains

    Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Philipp Schreck
    University: Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg
    Scholarship:
    Cohort: 9th Cohort, since 2022
    Email:

    [accordion activeIndex=""]

    [item title="Short Abstract"]

    Advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) enable algorithmic decision-making not only to assist humans but also to take over managerial tasks and thus leadership functions. The development of AI/ML-based models performing leadership functions entails that they also make high-stakes decisions in ethically sensitive domains such as healthcare or human resource management. Here, decisions have far-reaching consequences for the decision recipient’s life. The question arises of whether algorithmic leadership comes along with good leadership that implies ethics and efficiency. We consider this issue relevant because both aspects are arguably presumed in comparable human decision-making and leadership. However, various examples demonstrate that algorithmic decision-making can be biased, leading to undesired outcomes and perceptions. Therefore, we aim to research how algorithmic leadership should be used and designed that it is perceived as good leadership in ethically sensitive domains. We assume that algorithmic leadership is good when it is perceived as just and trustworthy by human leaders and followers. While the trust and justice perceptions of algorithmic decision-making are a noted research topic, only limited research to date explicitly addresses the new role of AI/ML-based models as leaders of humans and the resulting reconceptualization of organizational leadership. Our research project seeks to fill this research gap by analyzing how humans respond to the emergence of algorithmic leadership in terms of trust and justice perceptions. Methodologically, we strive to generate knowledge by testing hypotheses based on experimental research designs. With our research project, we contribute empirically to the new research field of algorithmic leadership.

    [/item]

    [item title="Research Interests"]

    • Digital Transformation / Artificial Intelligence
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Leadership Studies
    • Decision-Making
    • Business Ethics

    [/item]

    [item title="Education"]

    • 2022, Master of Science, Business Administration & Philosophy, Copenhagen Business School
    • 2018, Bachelor of Science, Business Administration, University of Marburg
    • 2017, Exchange Semester, University of Bologna

    [/item]

    [item title="Professional and Academic Career"]

    • 2014, Vocational Training, Banking Professional & Financial Services, Volksbank Stuttgart eG

    [/item]

    [item title="Publications"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Talks"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Conference Contributions: Posters"]

    • N/A

    [/item]

    [item title="Memberships"]

    • N/A

    [/item]
    [/accordion]